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Archives Volume-12, Issue-1 (January-June)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Paper Title:
APPLICATIONS OF NANOMATERIALS IN ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
Author Name:
Rekha Rikhari, Shama Parveen, Vikas Gupta, Madhu Sudan, Anand Kumar Singh
Author Email:
innovative.chemistry@gmail.com
Country:
India
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14875200
Page No.:
1-7
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APPLICATIONS OF NANOMATERIALS IN ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
Author: Rekha Rikhari, Shama Parveen, Vikas Gupta, Madhu Sudan, Anand Kumar Singh

Innovating new approaches, instruments, and strategies to address particular quantitative and qualitative environmental issues is a major task for science and technology. Nanotechnology is highly effective at removing and detecting pollutants in the fields of air, water, and wastewater. Some of the techniques created utilizing nanotechnology to treat water and wastewater, air, and detect pollutants include nano-adsorbents, nano-filtration, nano-photocatalysts, magnetic nanoparticles, and nanosensors.

Paper Title:
NOVEL SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND ANTIMICROBIAL EVALUTION OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES
Author Name:
Gadadare Reshma T., Waghmode Shobha A, Shewale Maneesha N, Nanaware Mayuri N. , Deokate Swati A.
Author Email:
reshmagadadare@gmail.com
Country:
India
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15206651
Page No.:
8-16
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NOVEL SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND ANTIMICROBIAL EVALUTION OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES
Author: Gadadare Reshma T., Waghmode Shobha A, Shewale Maneesha N, Nanaware Mayuri N. , Deokate Swati A.

The present investigation evaluates green synthesis &
characterization of silver Nanoparticles & its antimicrobial activity
by using Sonneratia alba leaf extracts. The deionized water was
used as solvent to prepare crude leaf extract of plant leaves such as
Sonneratia alba. Synthesized silver Nanoparticles were investigated
using UV-visible spectrophotometry, Fourier transform infrared
(FTIR) Spectroscopy, Field emission scanning electron microscopy
(FESEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Energy dispersive
Spectroscopy (EDS). Absorption Spectrum at 445 nm range
confirmed the synthesis of AgNPs, FESEM images revealed that
the synthesized AgNPs had spherical shape & all are aggregated.
XRD pattern indicated the crystalline nature of synthesized AgNPs.
EDS result confirmed the presence of 100% silver element in the
produced NPs from Sonneratia alba leaf extract.

Paper Title:
INNOVATIVE APPROACHES IN BIOMASS OXIDATION FOR ECONOMIC PRODUCT GENERATION
Author Name:
Prajakta Aswale, Maneesha Shewale, Shobha Waghmode
Author Email:
mnshewale@gmail.com
Country:
India
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15211313
Page No.:
17-26
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INNOVATIVE APPROACHES IN BIOMASS OXIDATION FOR ECONOMIC PRODUCT GENERATION
Author: Prajakta Aswale, Maneesha Shewale, Shobha Waghmode

Biomass, particularly lignocellulosic materials derived from wood and agricultural residues, is emerging as a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels for chemical production. As the global community grapples with climate change and fossil fuel depletion, the need for renewable feedstocks becomes increasingly critical. Biomass oxidation, especially through processes such as glycerol oxidation, offers pathways to generate high-value chemicals, including glyceric acid and formic acid, which are essential for applications in biodegradable materials and pharmaceuticals. This dual approach not only facilitates the production of renewable chemicals but also serves as an efficient method for hydrogen generation, with glycerol electrolysis utilizing significantly less energy compared to traditional water electrolysis method.

Paper Title:
HETEROGENEOUS BIMETALLIC NANO ALLOYS CU-PD, NI-PD AND CU-NI ANCHORED ON GO CATALYZED SUZUKI AND SONOGASHIRA CROSS COUPLING REACTION
Author Name:
Sarika Uttam Kesgire, Maneesha Shewale, Shobha Waghmode
Author Email:
mnshewale@gmail.com
Country:
India
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15222370
Page No.:
27-32
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HETEROGENEOUS BIMETALLIC NANO ALLOYS CU-PD, NI-PD AND CU-NI ANCHORED ON GO CATALYZED SUZUKI AND SONOGASHIRA CROSS COUPLING REACTION
Author: Sarika Uttam Kesgire, Maneesha Shewale, Shobha Waghmode

Bimetallic nanoparticles are vital due to their high
biocompatibility, stability and comparatively less toxicity. The
synthesis method that includes physical, chemical and biological methods are explored and discussed in detail along with their advantages. Graphene Supported Pd-Cu bimetallic nanoparticles as a highly active catalyst. was prepared by a chemical reduction method and used for Coupling reaction. The Pd-Cu (1:1)/G exhibited the highest catalytic activity for the Sonogashira- types Coupling reactions and also exerted satisfied catalytic activity and recycle stability for Suzuki reaction cross coupling reaction. A study on the fabrication on diamino pyridine Pd (ll) Catalytic monolayer supported On Go describe how the Catalytic activity of the material can be influenced by the size of the Pd nanoparticle formed. The Suzuki reaction and the Sonogashira reaction are both types of organic reactions that use a metal catalyst to form carbon-carbon bonds. The Suzuki reaction uses a palladium complex
catalyst to cross-couple an organohalide to a boronic acid while the Sonogashira reaction uses a palladium catalyst and a copper co-catalyst to form a carbon-carbon bond between an aryl or vinyl halide and a terminal alkyne.

Paper Title:
BIOSENSING WITH LIGHT: FLUORESCENCE – BASED DETECTION METHOD
Author Name:
Deepali Suryawanshi, Maneesha Shewale, Shobha Waghmode
Author Email:
mnshewale@gmail.com
Country:
India
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15245195
Page No.:
33-38
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BIOSENSING WITH LIGHT: FLUORESCENCE – BASED DETECTION METHOD
Author: Deepali Suryawanshi, Maneesha Shewale, Shobha Waghmode

This review investigates the rapid progress in fluorescent
biosensors field and their significant influences on analytical
chemistry applications. An electrical signal can be produced from a biological reaction using an integrated receptor-transducer device called a biosensor. Because there are so many uses for biosensors in the medical field, including medication delivery, environmental monitoring, water and food quality monitoring, and illness detection, biosensor design and development have become a top priority for scientists and researchers in the last ten years. In the beginning, we started to explain the basic principles of fluorescence. Then, we moved to discuss about the current advancements, creative sensor designs, the fusion of materials science and nanotechnology. The paper highlighted the sensitivity of fluorescent biosensors by addressing a wide range of applications, including biological research, environmental monitoring, and medical diagnostics. Fluorescent biosensors are incredibly versatile tools used for detecting various biological elements, including viruses, bacteria, and other pathogens. They work by using fluorescent dyes or quantum dots to signal the presence of a specific molecule or microorganism. Two-dimensional carbon nanomaterials have been commonly employed in the field of biosensors to improve their sensitivity/limits of detection and shorten the analysis time. These nanomaterials act as efficient transducers because of their unique characteristics, such as high surface area and optical, electrical, and magnetic properties, which in turn have been exploited to create simple, quick, and low-cost biosensing platforms. In this review, graphene and two-dimensional carbon material-based fluorescent biosensors are covered for the detection of different human viruses. This review specifically focuses on the new developments in graphene and two-dimensional carbon nanomaterials for fluorescent biosensing based on the Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) mechanism.

Paper Title:
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF COW URINE AND ARTIFICIALLY MADE NANOFORMULATION OF COW URINE
Author Name:
Anuja Pardeshi, Maneesha Shewale, Shobha Waghmode
Author Email:
mnshewale@gmail.com
Country:
India
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15251015
Page No.:
39-44
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COMPARATIVE STUDY OF COW URINE AND ARTIFICIALLY MADE NANOFORMULATION OF COW URINE
Author: Anuja Pardeshi, Maneesha Shewale, Shobha Waghmode

Cow urine is rich in urea, creatinine, and bioactive compounds,
traditionally used in Ayurvedic medicine and as a natural fertilizer and pesticide. Nano formulated cow urine enhances these properties by improving bioavailability, targeted delivery, and stability, resulting in stronger antimicrobial and therapeutic effects. This advanced formulation expands applications in pharmaceuticals, agriculture, and environmental remediation, making it a more potent and versatile option compared to traditional cow urine. As global interest in sustainable agricultural practices and natural health products grows, nano-formulated cow urine presents an exciting opportunity for both traditional and modern applications, bridging the gap between ancient wisdom and contemporary science. This review aims to consolidate existing knowledge and inspire future research in the field, emphasizing the need for collaborative efforts to explore the full potential of this unique formulation.

Paper Title:
GAS AND SMOKE SENSORS BASED ON GRAPHENE AND SNO₂ NANOCOMPOSITES
Author Name:
Mugdha P Rasal, Maneesha N Shewale, Shobha A Waghmode
Author Email:
mnshewale@gmail.com
Country:
India
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15251059
Page No.:
45-49
View PDF
GAS AND SMOKE SENSORS BASED ON GRAPHENE AND SNO₂ NANOCOMPOSITES
Author: Mugdha P Rasal, Maneesha N Shewale, Shobha A Waghmode

The development of gas and smoke sensors has gained significant attention due to the increasing demand for environmental monitoring and industrial safety. Graphene and SnO₂ (tin dioxide) nanocomposites are emerging as promising materials in this field due to their exceptional electrical, optical, and catalytic properties. This review highlights the advancements in gas and smoke sensing technologies based on graphene-SnO₂ nano-composites. We discuss the synthesis techniques, sensing mechanisms, and various factors influencing sensor performance, such as sensitivity, selectivity, response time, and stability. The integration of these materials offers enhanced performance due to the synergetic effects between graphene and SnO₂, making them suitable for detecting gases like NO₂, NH₃, CO₂, and smoke particles.

Paper Title:
BIMETALLIC CATALYST (CO-NI) FOR NABH₄ REDUCTION OF NITROARENES, C=C UNSATURATION, AND REDUCTIVE AMINATION
Author Name:
Omkar Tembekar, Maneesha Shewale, Shobha Waghmode
Author Email:
mnshewale@gmail.com
Country:
India
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15251099
Page No.:
50-54
View PDF
BIMETALLIC CATALYST (CO-NI) FOR NABH₄ REDUCTION OF NITROARENES, C=C UNSATURATION, AND REDUCTIVE AMINATION
Author: Omkar Tembekar, Maneesha Shewale, Shobha Waghmode

Bimetallic catalysts are of growing interest in sustainable chemistry, and the Co-Ni bimetallic system has shown great promise in facilitating selective reductions under mild conditions. Utilizing sodium borohydride (NaBH4) as a reducing agent, Co-Ni catalysts significantly enhance reaction rates and selectivity for the reduction of nitroarenes, C=C unsaturation, and reductive amination reactions. The synergistic interaction between cobalt and nickel in these catalysts leads to improved activity, stability, and tunable reaction outcomes compared to their monometallic counterparts. This review explores the structural properties of Co- Ni catalysts, the mechanisms of NaBH4 reductions, and their applications in various organic transformations. Additionally, challenges such as catalyst
deactivation and future research directions in the development of Co-Ni catalysts are discussed.

Paper Title:
IDENTIFICATION AND ISOLATION OF RHIZOSPHERIC BACTERIA FROM PISIUM SATIVUM
Author Name:
Shiwali Bisht, Harsha Sharma
Author Email:
shivibisht17@gmail.com
Country:
India
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15583086
Page No.:
55-63
View PDF Certificate
IDENTIFICATION AND ISOLATION OF RHIZOSPHERIC BACTERIA FROM PISIUM SATIVUM
Author: Shiwali Bisht, Harsha Sharma

Microbial Consortia—groups of microorganisms—can do amazing feats. The field of agriculture might greatly benefit from the usage of microorganisms. Furthermore, combining them all makes them more effective. They would provide further advantages through their respective and reciprocal metabolic processes. Our goal is to separate a few possible microorganisms with various characteristics, such as
the capacity to produce indole-acetic acid, mobilize potash, solubilize phosphate, and exhibit siderophore activity. These isolates could be used to create microbial consortia and formulations that work well as biofertilizers to progress the sector of agriculture. When attached to seeds, plant surfaces, or soil, biofertilizer—also known as bio-compost—contains living microorganisms that colonize the rhizosphere, or inside of the plant, and promote development by increasing the host plant's access to or supply of vital nutrients.
Biofertilizers are supplements made using the standard processes of solubilizing phosphorus, obsessing over nitrogen, and combining chemicals that promote plant growth. As plants develop, soil microbial communities engage with them in the plant rhizosphere. They also interact more indirectly through plant litter, which offers resources and habitat to a wide variety of soil species.

Paper Title:
HISTOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF NUCLEIC ACIDS IN THE OVARY OF MONCROTOPHOS INTOXICATED RATS
Author Name:
Kavita Arora
Author Email:
kavitaaroraabh@gmail.com
Country:
India
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15662436
Page No.:
64-67
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HISTOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF NUCLEIC ACIDS IN THE OVARY OF MONCROTOPHOS INTOXICATED RATS
Author: Kavita Arora

The present study was designed to evaluate the toxic effects of
monocrotophos, an organophosphate, on the ovary of female albino rats. Six groups of female albino rats (each of 125-150 gms) were taken for experimental work. 1/5th of LD50 dose (14 mg/kg body weight) of monocrotophos was administered by intragastric intubation to groups TI, TII and R for 15 days, 30 days, 30 days with recovery period of 15 days respectively. Other three groups were kept as corresponding controls for all the treated groups and were fed on normal diet. Paired ovaries in proestrous phase of estrus cycle were removed and fixed in Zenker and then processed for staining with Feulgen and MG/PG for studies of nucleic acids. In rats of control group, the sections of ovaries revealed abundant DNA in nuclei of pre-antral follicles and antral follicles including graffian follicles. In groups TI and TII, significant alteration in the intensity of nucleic acids was observed as compared to their corresponding controls. In rats of R group, recovery was observed at histochemical level.

Paper Title:
IMPACT OF FARMING SYSTEMS ON MORPHOLOGICAL MULTIPLE-TRAITS FOR YIELD, OF PARSLEY (PETROSELINUM CRISPUM) GENOTYPES
Author Name:
Pushpa Guleria, Pardeep Kumar, Parveen Sharma, Maneesha Devi, Neha Guleri, Leena Thakur
Author Email:
pushpaguleria131@gmail.com
Country:
India
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16932279
Page No.:
68-85
View PDF Certificate
IMPACT OF FARMING SYSTEMS ON MORPHOLOGICAL MULTIPLE-TRAITS FOR YIELD, OF PARSLEY (PETROSELINUM CRISPUM) GENOTYPES
Author: Pushpa Guleria, Pardeep Kumar, Parveen Sharma, Maneesha Devi, Neha Guleri, Leena Thakur

The study was carried out to determine the morphological variation of seven genotypes of parsley grown under four different farming system. An assortment of seven genotypes of parsley was studied in experiment to evaluate morphological characteristics and yield parameter grown under different hydroponics system (NFT, DFT and Dutch Bucket) and polyhouse condition. Study showed significance difference in morphological parameters, among the parsley genotypes, and different farming systems during 2022-2023 and 2023-2024. The pooled data showed that plant height (cm) was highest in genotype Gigante Italian (26.00 cm) in Nutrient Film
Technique (NFT) followed by naturally ventilated polyhouse (22.66 cm), Dutch Bucket (22.66 cm) and Deep Floating Technique (DFT) (22.00 cm). The leaflet length and width (cm) were highest in genotype Giant Plain (4.09 cm, 4.38 cm) under polyhouse condition and lowest in genotype Kruasa curled (1.738 cm, 2.037 cm). In polyhouse total three, in NFT total six, Dutch Bucket total four and DFT total three harvesting was done throughout the season. After all, harvesting the fresh weight were measured. The fresh weight(gm) was varied from 680-898 gm in NFT, 349-517 gm in Dutch Bucket, 257-394 gm in DFT and 486-634 gm in polyhouse condition. Study found that the genotype Gigante Italian and farming system NFT had highest fresh weight (898 gm/plant) and dry weight (149.907 g). Correlation coefficient analysis estimates the relationship between different plant parameters. The plant height had positive and significant correlation with the number of branches
and yield per plant.

Paper Title:
ROLE OF ALSTONIA SCHOLARIS LEAF EXTRACT IN MODULATING THE CNS AND IN ITS ANTICANCER PROTECTION
Author Name:
Harsha Sharma, Lakshay Vashishtha, Manik Sharma
Author Email:
vashishthaharsha5@gmail.com
Country:
India
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16358282
Page No.:
86-103
View PDF Certificate
ROLE OF ALSTONIA SCHOLARIS LEAF EXTRACT IN MODULATING THE CNS AND IN ITS ANTICANCER PROTECTION
Author: Harsha Sharma, Lakshay Vashishtha, Manik Sharma

Due to its potential therapeutic properties in preventing and
treating various disorders, the Alstonia scholaris leaf extract has
been designated as an anticancer and central nervous system (CNS)
modulating agent. The leaves of this Plant have a variety of
activities related to their constituents, which was observed by
Extraction using various types of Solvent according to their
polarities, various literature and research articles reported the
presence of most of the constituent, and here 2,3-secernate was
selected as an active constituent in treatment of Cancer of various
cell line (A549, HeLa, HepG2, HL60, and KB), respectively. In
this activity, it was seen against Breast cell lines MCF-7 and T47D
in Breast Carcinoma, and pyridine was used as a CNS-modulating
agent in Swiss albino mice with a body weight of between 20 and
25 grams. The activity was measured by locomotor and rotarod
activity. MTT-Assay was used to conduct in vitro cytotoxicity
research on a 69-year-old female organism of the species Homo
sapiens. Inactive mitochondria prevent even recently dead cells
from efficiently cleaving MTT. Live cells create a dark blue
formazan from MTT [3-(4,5-dimethyl thiazole-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl
tetrasodium bromide], a light-yellow substrate. Thus,
calorimetrically assessing MTT cleavage may quantify the number
of living cells. The percentage of growth inhibition also increased
with increasing concentrations (in g/ml) of the ethanolic extract of
Alstonia scholaris, which included the separated component C.
This shows that the extract is very effective against cancer. Swiss
albino mice weighing 20–25 grams were exposed to a chemical
called pyridine, which altered their behavior. At doses of 50 and
100 milligrams, both the aqueous and ethanolic extracts showed
CNS depressive effects, as measured by a decrease in locomotor
activity counts and a delay in rotarod activity decrease.
Keywords: A549 cells, HeLa cells, HepG2 cells, MTT, Alstonia
Scholaris

Paper Title:
PRECISION MEDICINE IN ONCOLOGY: A REVIEW
Author Name:
Rishika Ray Rishika Ray
Country:
India
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16751787
Page No.:
104-115
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PRECISION MEDICINE IN ONCOLOGY: A REVIEW
Author: Rishika Ray Rishika Ray

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is transforming precision oncology by
shifting cancer treatment from a one-size-fits-all approach to
personalized, data-driven care. AI enhances early cancer detection,
drug discovery, and treatment planning by analyzing genomic,
clinical, and molecular data.
Advanced models, such as deep learning and reinforcement
learning, improve treatment response predictions and identify novel
therapeutic targets. Real-world applications—including IBM
Watson for Genomics, DeepMind’s AI for disease detection, and
AI-driven drug delivery—demonstrate AI’s growing role in
oncology.
However, challenges remain, including algorithmic bias, data
privacy concerns, and the need for clinical validation. Future
advancements in federated learning, quantum computing, and AIpowered gene editing promise to refine cancer care, making
treatments smarter, faster, and more precise.

Paper Title:
BIO-EFFICACY OF SYNTHESIZED NANOPARTICLES AND METHANOLIC LEAF EXTRACT OF MELIA AZEDARACH ON MEGASELIA HALTERATA
Author Name:
Kumari Ruchika, Kanika Choudhary, Dixit Sharma, Alka Rana, Pankaj Thakur, Sachin Upmanyu and Sunil Kumar
Author Email:
sunilibes@gmail.com
Country:
India
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16418700
Page No.:
116-128
View PDF Certificate
BIO-EFFICACY OF SYNTHESIZED NANOPARTICLES AND METHANOLIC LEAF EXTRACT OF MELIA AZEDARACH ON MEGASELIA HALTERATA
Author: Kumari Ruchika, Kanika Choudhary, Dixit Sharma, Alka Rana, Pankaj Thakur, Sachin Upmanyu and Sunil Kumar

ABSTRACT
Megaselia halterata (Diptera: Phoridae), commonly known as the
scuttle fly is cosmopolitan insect pest. M. scalaris poses a significant
threat to agriculture as it can infest various crops including
mushrooms, causing 30-70% yield losses. The current research
explores the potential use of silver nanoparticles synthesized from
Melia azedarach (Chinaberry) (MA-AgONPs) in combating the
mushroom pest Megaselia halterata on Agaricus bisporus. The
biosynthesis of AgONPs was confirmed through various
characterization techniques, i.e., UV-visible spectroscopy, x-ray
diffraction, fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning
electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. In vivo
experiments demonstrated the efficacy of MA-AgONPs in reducing
the emergence of adult M. halterata and minimizing larval damage to
A. bisporus mushrooms. The highest reduction in adult emergence
(94%) and the least sporophore damage (5.12–5.34%) were achieved
at a concentration of 50 ppm. Additionally, this treatment yielded the
highest mushroom production (4.74 kg/bag), surpassing both the
methanolic extract application (4.60 kg/bag) and control treatments.
Furthermore, in vitro experiments revealed a concentration and time
dependent increase in the mortality of M. halterata larvae. The
highest mortality rate (91.67%) was observed at a concentration of 50
ppm after 48 hours. The green-synthesized MA-AgONPs shows
greater effectiveness as compared to methanolic leaf extract as
evident by lower LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ values. These findings suggest that
Melia azedarach-derived AgONPs present a promising biocontrol
solution for sustainable mushroom cultivation.
Keywords: Megaselia halterata, Melia azedarach, Agaricus
bisporus, green synthesis, Silver oxide nanoparticles, bio-efficacy

Paper Title:
APPLICATION OF PLANT TISSUE CULTURE IN GENETIC CONSERVATION AND BREEDING PROGRAMS
Author Name:
S. B. Verma
Author Email:
sbvermaupc@gmail.com
Country:
India
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16932151
Page No.:
129-141
View PDF Certificate
APPLICATION OF PLANT TISSUE CULTURE IN GENETIC CONSERVATION AND BREEDING PROGRAMS
Author: S. B. Verma

ABSTRACT
Plant tissue culture has emerged as a pivotal tool in genetic
conservation and breeding, enabling the preservation of rare
germplasm, rapid propagation of elite lines, and facilitation of
controlled genetic modifications. This review highlights the
multifaceted applications of plant tissue culture techniques—
including micropropagation, somatic embryogenesis, in vitro
conservation, and embryo rescue—in both ex situ conservation
and crop improvement programs. In genetic conservation,
tissue culture ensures the long-term preservation of endangered,
wild, and medicinal plant species through techniques such as
slow-growth storage and cryopreservation. In breeding
programs, tissue culture accelerates the development of
uniform, disease-free planting material and supports advanced
biotechnological approaches like somaclonal variation, doubled
haploid production, and gene transformation.- The integration
of plant tissue culture with molecular markers and genetic
engineering has expanded its role from simple multiplication to
sophisticated breeding strategies, enabling targeted trait
improvement and genetic diversity conservation. Despite
notable progress, challenges remain in genetic stability, cost,
and scalability for field-level application. This review provides
a consolidated understanding of current applications, technical
advancements, and future prospects of plant tissue culture in
genetic resource management and breeding innovation.
Keywords: Plant tissue culture, Genetic conservation, Breeding
programs, Micropropagation, Cryopreservation, Embryo
rescue, Somaclonal variation

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